The Influence Of Martin Luther King Jr Cultural Studies Essay

The Influence Of Martin Luther King Jr Cultural Studies Essay Martin Luther King, Jr., a Baptist preacher born months before the crash of 1929 that led the Great Depression, is perhaps best known for leading this country to end segregation. After years of nonviolent struggle, including boycotting buses in Montgomery, and a march on Washington, King gave a speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial that changed the world. Many scholars believe that Kings speech was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. I believe the inspiration came from sources much closer to home. The Declaration of Independence, by Abraham Lincoln, and the Bible are the sources that I believe to have fundamentally inspired Martin Luther Kings speech, I Have a Dream. As a child raised in a middle-class neighborhood, King had more privileges than most of his peers. He was heavily influenced by his father, a preacher, and his mother, a teacher. He had mild run-ins with segregation in his childhood. He was forced to attend school separate from his childhood friends and eventually, he and his friends were no longer allowed to play together. From the research of his life, there appears to be one event that made a lasting impression upon King. After a speech competition in Valdosta, Georgia, King had received a second place prize, but his victory was short-lived. During the long bus ride home, the blacks were made to stand so that white riders could sit. It seemed that even though the Civil War ended in 1865, over 80 years later the black man was not much further along than in the days directly following the war. It makes me wonder were Lincolns efforts on the part of the slave all in vain? On August 28, 1963, King began his speech with the same four words as Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address; perhaps this was to remind us of Lincolns shared vision. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. This reference to Lincolns speech is perhaps more meaningful since King was speaking in front of the Lincoln Memorial during this address. History states that Lincolns authority and position were granted to him by the Declaration of Independence. In that document, our founding fathers declared, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. By reminding the listeners, including the millions watching his speech on television, King hoped to jump-start his audiences minds in to agreement with him by joining his argument with those of the founding fathers and Abraham Lincoln. King uses the agreement with the founding fathers and Lincoln to strengthen his civil and legal argument as basis to his premise that things were not yet as they should be. To strengthen his moral argument further, and perhaps most interestingly, King seems to have numerous biblical references within the text of his speech. This should not be that surprising, given that he had been the son of a preacher and preacher himself since the age of 17. However, it seems important that the first opportunity for a black man to address the nation for all of the wrongs done to his people, that King decided to quote from the bible. King chose to take the high road in this speech. He could have ridiculed America for its treatment of black men and women, but instead he reminded us all to relinquish the cup of hostility by saying, Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. This phrase reminds us of Jeremiah 2:13: For my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water. He reminds us of our history, our past release from captivity, referring to slavery, but he is encouraging us not to choose hatred and return to bondage. Kings words, It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. refer to the promise of Psalms 30:5: For his anger is but for a moment; his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. While it seems that the Lord has been angry with us, by allowing our continued oppression, King says to America, he reminds us that we are not finished. That although the chains of captivity may have been lifted by Lincoln, they are not yet removed. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream, refers to Amos 5:24, But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream. Kings then offers up a vision that all the listeners and viewers by television can grasp, I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together, is almost a direct quote of Isaiah 40:4-5: Every valley shall be exalted, and very mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. King closed his speech by applying the inspiring words of Galations 3:28, And when this happens, . . . we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, free at last, free at last, thank God Almighty, Im free at last. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. Martin Luther King, Jr. helped right a nation. Given the chance to cast stones, he chose instead to cast a vision. A vision that one day men and women in America would actually one day be equal and free to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. This vision is not new. Our Biblical history tells us that Jesus cast the same vision before us thousands of years ago. Throughout the bible, God gave his people a choice between life and death. By standing on the promises of the Declaration of Independence, the actions of Abraham Lincoln, and the tenets of the bible, Kings speech, I Have a Dream speech simply reminded us to choose life, to appreciate life, and to respect our brothers and sisters no matter their race or creed.

Ethical Issues Relating to Halliburton and Iraqi Contracts Essay

This paper examines ethical issues faced by public sector employees and employees of private sector firms that conduct business with and for government agencies. The paper discusses Halliburton, a U. S. defense contractor, in light of the primary issue, several secondary ethical issues, and the impact on stakeholders involved. The goal is to make recommendations for how prospective employees and managers can handle similar situations. Overview of Contracting Activities at Halliburton Since 2001 energy services company Halliburton and it’s subsidiary KBR have performed unspecified services to the U. S. military in Iraq, Kuwait, and serveral other countries under a no-bid, long-term global logistics contract, LOGCAP. During the course of awarding and executing these contracts at least two persons have made the decision to become whistle blowers, a government contracting employee and a Halliburton/KBR procurement employee. The government employee disclosed that Halliburton/KRB was involved in closed-door meetings with the Army Corps of Engeneers that resulted in the no-bid, multi-year, billion dollar contract being awared exclusivley to Halliburton/KBR. (Morning Edition October 29,2004) The procurement employee disclosed that activitities inside Halliburton/KBR resulted in overcharging the government and taxpayers for goods and services and eliminating competition among potential vendors. Specific allegations include soliciting higher priced products and services because the government pays a fee bassed on the total of goods/services procured and manipulating purchases orders to maintain a maximum of $2,500 to avoid the bidding process between prospective vendors. Stakeholders The stakeholders in this situation are the client, the U. S. government; taxpayers who are the investors or funders of the government; the vendors, who through the bidding process maintain a competitive and profitable business environment; and employees who make sure that their employers receive the best value for the services and products they procure. Ethical dilemmas Should employees bring wrongdoing to light and if so, how? Will the decision violate the privacy of vendors or other employees? Is it legal to disclose certain activities related to defense contracts? Secondary ethical issues relate directly to the stakeholders. Is the U. S. government unfairly awarding contracts? Is that awarding process facilitating a culture of overcharging, which is absorbed by U. S. taxpayers. Are vendors intentionally overcharging Halliburton/KBR? Are Halliburton/KBR’s procurement practices eliminating competition in the marketplace?

Heritage attraction Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Subsequently, the growth as well as the development of destinations is typically based on the supply as well as the demand of tourism attractions. A tourist destination providing quality cultural along with historic attractions are seemed to meet the present demands as per the perceptions and the attitudes of the travellers. In this context, the supply as well as demand in relation to tourism attraction is based on historical monuments, natural resources and cultural attractions (DLA, n.d. ). 2.1. Analysis of the Tourism Demand The tourism industry is identified as an important factor accountable for the economic growth of a country. In the present day context, perceptions, behaviors along with attitudes of tourists have changed towards certain heritage destinations that depict culture, history, involvement with local cultural events and archeology. In this regard, historic sites are identified to be the most preferred destinations for global travellers (Huh, 2002). Morocco is culturally rich country having influences from various cultures that include France, Judaism, Spain, the Middle East and Berber. In Morocco, the people regarded honor along with integrity as core values. We will write a custom essay sample on Heritage attraction or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The Moroccan cuisine is also a merge of different cultural aspects (Walroth, 2007). Presently, the travelers visit Fes, the capital city of Morocco in order to acquire a better and comprehensive understanding of the traditional culture and Islamic civilization. It is identified as the old preserved city representing Islamic civilization and Arab World. In this context, the tourists select Fes as a preferable destination with the aim of witnessing the cultural traditions and the history of the Arabian countries. Additionally, the city is considered as a car-free zone due to narrow alleyways and in this regard, the transportation operations are executed with the assistance of mules, handcrafts, foots and donkeys. Respectively, the travelers currently attracted towards cultural traditions visit the capital city in order to experience the cultural values and the traditions of the Islamic civilization as retained from ancient times. Moreover, the tourist s are also attracted towards the city to experience its unique facets such as depicting the blend of old traditional culture and latest outlook of innovation (IDRC, n.d. ). The cultural along with the spiritual life of the city as demanded by the tourists is preserved. In this regard, the tourism demand as identified in the present tourism industry is preserved and the city represents authentic along with unique culture in its medina (Moroccan National Tourist Office, n.d. ).

The Role of the Pancreas in Glycaemic Homeostasis in Terms of Negative Feedback Systems Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The receptors of the pancreas are in command of examining glucose concentrations within the blood as it is decisive in each cell for respiration. Glucose first features within the bloodstream through the glucose transporter receptors articulated on the surface of pancreatic cells marked as alpha- and beta-cells (Szablewski 2011, p. 4). Insulin restores standard intensities of glucose within the blood (Triplitt 2012, p. 5). The central hormones they secrete include glucagon and insulin decisive to the accustomed functioning of the body. Glucagon is predominantly generated by the islets of Langerhans in reaction to minimal blood glucose concentrations. If blood sugar concentrations fall below customary concentrations (such as amid the post-absorptive or fasting state) whereby nutrients derived from a freshly digested meal are no longer being absorbed by the blood (such as amid starvation), insulin secretion remains deterred. Glucagon has several noteworthy effects: (1) it intensifi es the transformation of glycogen to glucose; (2) it augments the conversion of fats to fatty acids, plus glycerol amid adipose tissue and, consequently, the discharge of these elements into the blood (whereby cells can exploit to generate energy); and, (3) it activates liver cells to augment glucose combination, plus glucose uptake into the blood (Rolfes, Pinna and Whitney 2012, p. 108). The delineated influences jointly render enrichment in blood glucose concentrations back to customary levels. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Pancreas in Glycaemic Homeostasis in Terms of Negative Feedback Systems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The liver performs a significant magnitude of functions within the body, such as amassing excess glucose that is not instantaneously necessitated by the blood cells for energy. The liver translates the glucose into glycogen (a starch type of sugar glucose incorporating massive glucose elements). Glucagon triggers the liver to breakdown glycogen back into glucose and released into the bloodstream for consumption by the cells essential for energy creation (Lack 2003, p. 36). When glucose concentrations swell up to initial levels, the islets of Langerhans cease secreting glucagon.

Anxiety And Its Affects Christina Griffey - 1114 Words

Anxiety and Its Affects Christina Griffey Palm Beach State College One of the first things we notice when we meet a person is their outer appearance. More than ever, in today’s society, we put emphasis on what we look like. We are constantly being bombarded by commercials and magazine ads about what makeup to use, what stores to shop at, what the latest health beverage is just to name a few. On social media, there are pages dedicated to fitness and what men and women are supposed to look like after months of working out, fitness inspiration, and at home workouts. Although it is extremely important to feel good about your outer appearance and be physically healthy, mental health is just as important. It is a topic that is†¦show more content†¦If we are not doing well in how we think, it will eventually affect many, if not all, aspects of our lives. Having a mental disorder or illness has a domino effect. For example, if a person goes through an event that makes them have low self-esteem, they will believe they are not good enough. If not dealt with, this could affect the work and school performance, which can affect grades and finances, which can turn into worry, which can turn into health problems. Everything is linked to our minds and it is important to make sure we are aware of how we handle situations so we do not negatively affect ourselves. Anxiety is defined as the body’s natural response to danger, an automatic alarm that goes off when you feel threatened, under pressure, or are facing a stressful situation. A little bit of anxiety can actually help a person stay attentive and on track. If we did not feel a certain level of pressure at a job or school, then perhaps we wouldn’t care about it as much. We might slack or leave a few loose ends that may cause us to fall behind. A little bit is actually beneficial, but unfortunately there are people who have to deal with anxiety as part of a mental illness or disorder. There are different types of anxiety which include: general anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social phobia. General anxiety disorder is an excessive state of worry that

Painting Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom in Arles Free Essays

On a smaller canvas than two other similar paintings, Vincent Van Gogh carefully painted for the third time his bedroom in Arles, a charming town in the south of France, and thus created this approximately 22 ? x 29’’ artwork. In fact, Van Gogh made three almost identical paintings on the theme of his bedroom and are named  « Bedroom in Arles  ». The first one, kept at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is painted in October 1888. We will write a custom essay sample on Painting: Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom in Arles or any similar topic only for you Order Now About a year after, Van Gogh made two copies: one of which is the same size and is preserved today at the Art Institute of Chicago. The third one is currently at De Young Museum in San Francisco (but originally belongs to the Musee d’Orsay in Paris) and is smaller than the others1. This oil painting on a linen canvas represents Van Gogh’s tidy bedroom. Nothing lets us think that this is the room of a painter. We do not know this because he does not display his painting equipment. Nothing lies around, not even a paint tube in a corner or a brush. This bedroom seems to be for relaxation and not for his work as a painter. Here, he could finally forget his fatigue, have some comfort, sleep in peace. The bed is thus the dominant subject of the painting, suggesting the importance of comfort and rest. By painting his bedroom where everything is in its place, the painter may also want to show that he is a very neat man who cares for himself, and who organizes his life in a reasonable manner. In addition to the prominent bed, this room exudes quietness and expresses, absolute rest by its various shades. Indeed, the room has beautiful shiny colors. In Holland, where the painter was born2, the weather is not always nice and the sky is therefore often gray. Here however, there are multiple vibrant colors that certainly illustrate the happy life he had in France. Perhaps he had come to Arles for the sun and for him, it was an immense joy to live in such bright bedroom, bursting with colors. What is also fascinating about this piece of art is how the painter highlights the simplicity of his bedroom through the medium of color:  « the pale lilac walls, the floor of an old brown, the chairs and bed chrome yellow, the blood red cover, the orange little table and the blue basin†, as the painter describes it. Van Gogh asserted that he wanted to express a complete rest by handling all these different shades2. The color black, which could be evocating a certain form of anguish, is almost nonexistent in this painting. Only the frame of the mirror and windows is black. We wonder if this could mean that Van Gogh was afraid of his future and afraid to face up to reality. This is a possibility. In fact, despite the evidence of his happiness, present in this painting, Van Gogh was not married2 and many clues here let us think that he wished to be. Although the bedroom is very sparsely furnished and only contains essential items (which shows, in addition to the choice of colors, a great simplicity), we notice that many of these objects go together in pairs (two pillows, two chairs, two portraits on the wall, two drawings, and even two doors). Thus, this painting on canvas was perhaps his way of expressing his wish to meet someone and that his bedroom was arranged so as to welcome her. But because it was just him in this bedroom, he certainly felt less lonely by doubling the objects. Van Gogh’s painting consists almost entirely of straight lines. This is reminiscent of a children’s coloring which would have been filled in with color pencils, because the edges of objects are bolder and their filling up seem almost slapdash, neglected. This elaborate post-impressionist design may be compared to such work as Georges Seurat’s A Sunday on La Grande Jatte (book p. 370). But whereas Van Gogh favored paintings composed of multiple thin brush strokes, Seurat preferred the use of the pointillism system, which consisted of â€Å"applying color to the canvas in tiny dots. 3† In this painting of Seurat, the color also focuses on hues. There are numerous colors too, their contrast is intense, and the sun shine, like in the Van Gogh’s bedroom, fills the picture, suggesting happiness and tranquility. Like Van Gogh, Seurat played with repetitive forms (the parasols, people in profile, trees, and boats). People in this piece are rigid. In fact, they do not seem to move, but on the contrary, seem to be strangely paralyzed, paralleling the furniture of Van Gogh’s bedroom. Strangely, Van Gogh’s furniture seems to be even more â€Å"alive† than the people in the Seurat’s painting. The two painters did not have the same approach when they decided which colors they wanted to illuminate their canvases; while Van Gogh was guided by his emotions and instant feelings, Seurat carefully analyzed the colors and â€Å"meticulously calculated values. † But in both pieces, Van Gogh and Seurat express their sense of organization by making objects, forms, motifs and colors coherent. To conclude, the mesmerizing, luminous colors, and the well organized motifs of the depiction of Van Gogh’s bedroom, were not the game of chance. Everything in this painting seems to echo the emotions of Van Gogh, expressing at the same time his happiness in Arles and the great pea ce and tranquility he felt there, but also his desire to find his soul mate, with who he could share his home and thus, reach happiness certainly even more. How to cite Painting: Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom in Arles, Papers

International Organization Management & Cross Cultural Communication

Question: Discuss about the International Organization Management for Cross Cultural Communication. Answer: Introduction Globalization and continuous advancement in technology, certainly lowers the gaps amid the people of different nations and develops cultural interconnections. The increasing use of media, technology and other communicational means such as internet is inclining to build cultural relationship among communities or sub-communities of varied nations. In organizations, people are integral part that develops organizational culture. People while working as a team in the organization need to share beliefs and values, which shapes the overall culture. However, cultural aspect is also responsible in raising challenges. For instance, businesses face difficulty in effectively managing the workforces due to dissimilar cultural norms of employees. To attain and retain competitive advantages, organizations need to evaluate the factors that create communicational barriers in cross-cultural environment (Botha, Vosloo, Kuner, Van-den-Berg, 2009). Behavior of people obtained from knowledge, values, beliefs, experiences, material objects and relationship with other people and group(s) forms a culture. Communication is the process based on which ideas, thoughts, feeling or information is being exchanged among people. Culture of an individual is identified from his/her behaviours, attitudes, beliefs, norms and perceptions (Primecz, Romani, Sackmann, 2011). The assignment intends to examine and discuss the barriers in cross-cultural communication and mechanism to surmount such barriers. Additionally, analysis will be conducted with the aim of determining and understanding cross-cultural communication from theoretical background and evaluate its implication in the international business context. Cross-Cultural Communication Cross-cultural communication is the procedure based on which people communicate in the context of different cultural environment. In simple term, it can also be reflected as the mechanism of communicating with people of dissimilar cultures. Cross-cultural communication focuses on determining the manner in which cultural differences affect the communication process. However, communication in cross-cultural environment is challenging for people who grow up within his/her cultural boundaries. Awareness of differences facilitates to manage the cross-cultural barriers and forms effective communication. Thus, cross-cultural communication refers to forming communication in diverse cultures generally to share the views, eradicate disagreement and achieve predetermined objectives (Primecz, Romani, Sackmann, 2011). Barriers in Cross-Cultural Communication There are many reasons for the barriers in cross-cultural communication amid people. Ochieng Price (2009) highlighted that the lack of understanding among the culturally different people evolves inadequate cross-cultural communication and lead to the lack in clarity of information. Miscommunication and misconception in the viewpoints of the people create difficulty in implementation of a successful cross-cultural communication. Misunderstanding is a common barrier in communication that develops because of difference in morals and beliefs of cultures. People develop nervousness and uncertainties while communicating in different culture, which in turn results in misunderstanding. In the similar note Rozkwitalska, Gdaska (2010) stated that the lack of trust as well as understanding among the people obstruct in the communication process. People forms different cultural norms, which determines their acceptability and behavioral appropriateness. This lead to develop a feeling that rules they follow are acceptable by others. Individuals of different cultures have their own norms and problems that mainly arises when they faces difficulties to understand and/or compel other cultural norms. In addition, values differ in cultures and difficulty in consideration creates communication issues. Exaggerate problem is also often evolve due to cultural stereotypes and hinder to form effective communication amid individuals of diverse cultures. Cultural stereotype is the main reason that creates dissimilar opinions among individuals belonging to alternative cultures. Ethnocentrism is another major reason that creates barrier, which arises when individuals evaluate the other cultural characteristics based on their preconception of own culture (Rozkwitalska, Gdaska, 2010). Difference in the native language of people often evolves as the key blockade in creating effective communication in cross-cultural environment. The other issues relate to misapprehension, presentation, understanding and delusion. The communication difficulty also arises due to the low level of sensitivity of people on others cultural factors and disrespects towards others ethics (Jenifer, Raman, 2015). Mechanisms of Surmounting Barriers in Cross-Cultural Communication Improved competences of individuals enable eradicating the barriers that progresses in cross-cultural communication. To surmount cultural barriers, it is important to form community that involve association of different cultural background people and develop their sensitivity and understanding to respect others values, norms, standards and beliefs. People must conduct their actions such as selection of words, presentation of perceptions and use of languages among other aspects based on developing their proper understanding of culture regardless of taking unnecessary assumptions. Besides, adopting effective measures such as learning, training and knowledge of the communication gap worked as important mechanisms in evading cross-cultural communication issues. Motivating people in developing understanding about the culture by rectifying the problems that evolve during cross-cultural communication allows forming proper communication. The barrier that evolves due to anxiety while communic ating would be eradicated by adopting the measures for controlling emotions and acts. One can evade the cross-cultural communication issues by gaining proper knowledge, understandings and commands. This will develop self-awareness along with enhancing cultural knowledge and raising awareness of linguistics. Superior cultural awareness would likely to enable individuals to present themselves in appropriate manner in diverse culture. Developing intercultural skills such as understanding of other peoples behaviors aid in forming effective interaction (Arseculeratne, Yazdanifard, 2013). Cross-cultural communication issues can also be resolved by avoiding the perception of right verses wrong and indulgent towards others behavior. Ethnocentric assumptions that remain the major reasons of creating communicational problems must need to be removed to have effective cross-cultural communication. It is important that people must develop intension of respecting others ethos, which can only promote and urge to eradicate cultural gaps. Padhi (2015) highlighted that cross-cultural sensitivity, adroitness, and awareness are the key components, which assist in surmounting obstructions in forming cross-cultural communication. Demonstrating affectionate towards cross-cultural aspects would help to form the sense of adjustment and adaptation of other culture in individual. Based on developing cross-cultural sensitivity, people can improve the self-conception and possession, which in turn helps in removing issues in communication amid dissimilar cultures. Cross-cultural awareness re flected to be the cognitive characteristic in communication. This will allow individuals to improve acceptance ability of other culture and evaluate behavioural approaches to form effective communication. Intercultural adroitness includes developing feeling of respect and valuing the important dimension of other cultures. Adopting sympathetic and amplification approach to view and interact in different culture would facilitate eradicating problems in cross-cultural communication (Padhi, 2015). Practical Scenario of Cross-Cultural Communication Barrier The barriers of cross-cultural communication are evidenced in various locations worldwide. Similar incidents were noticed in South Korea, where people from different cultures reside and face cross-cultural issues. An individual from Indian culture apart from being working in a multinational organization, faced difficulty in communicating in the organization, as his colleagues speak Korean language in the workplace and he hardly been able to pursue and understand their instructions. Often email was received from the colleagues in the local language and in most of the meetings, the involved participants used to speak in Korean language, which create difficulty in performing the job obligations and responsibilities. The scenario evolved cultural shock for the foreign resident and difficulty in developing associated feeling in the cultural environment. Cultural shocks are faced by people of foreign residents working in South Korea regardless of their long period of dwelling in the countr y and fluency of Korean language. The lack of cultural legacy is one of the key factors that evolve problems for non-native individuals in forming communication with their counterpart in the community. People follow paternalistic as well as authoritarian leadership practices and have strong bonding that creates difficulty for foreign residents to communicate with their colleagues. People of South Korean culture give high preference to networking, as the society reflects high-context culture. The individuals from different culture especially from the nation of low-context culture such as the US, Australia and the UK face difficulties, as they value individualism over networking (Kim, 2013). South Korean culture provides importance over social structure, authority and centralization aspects. In addition, people identity in the culture is rooted towards working in a group. However, when people from the western cultures try to adopt South Korean culture, faces cultural shock because their social structure is identified to be decentralized (Kim, 2013). Cross-Cultural Communication Theories Culture reflected characteristics of individuals and groups of people, which are basic assumptions and values oriented from languages, religions, beliefs, values, procedures, social habits and faiths. The need of forming communication and interaction lead to cultural adaptation, which is one of those evolutionary processes that repeated changes within different cultural perspectives. Cultural diversity gains considerable significance with the growing interaction of people from different societies and cultures. To gain better understanding about the manner in which people adopt cultures, various theories contributed in cross-cultural field. Geert Hofstede. The theory elaborated culture as a collective approach, which considerably distinguishes individuals of one group with others. The theory elaborated that culture of a region can be understood from six dimensions. According to the theory, cultural valve of a nation are placed based on the dimension that includes Power Distance, Individualism vs Collectivism, Masculinity vs Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance vs Tolerance, Long-term Orientation vs. Short-term Orientation and Indulgence vs. Restraint (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Power Distance Index. This dimension relates to the fact that individuals of different cultures are identified with valuing status and position to own and society. The dimension reflected that individual of culture accepts and expects the need of power within them (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Individualism vs. Collectivism. In collectivism culture, people focus and act as a member of cohesive group, whereas individualism culture is rooted in personal achievements as well as individual rights are given higher preference and people stand for self and family for own affiliations (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Masculinity vs. Femininity. The dimension elaborates value placed by individual over attainments, accomplishments and success. In masculine culture, people give importance to competitiveness, greediness, objective, authority, control and assertiveness, whereas feminine culture provides importance on relationship, associations and superior quality of life (Geert Hofstede, n.d). Uncertainty Avoidance vs. Tolerance. The culture identity also reflected from the manner in which people manages their concerns and anxiety by valuing or minimizing uncertainties of future (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Long-term Orientation vs. Short-term Orientation. The culture, which is Long-term Orientation, gives superior importance over upholding the future challenges and uncertainties. Culture also identify whether individual hadrons and remain sensible to adopt the changes or restrain the transformation along with value traditional norms and conditions (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Indulgence vs. Restraint. Indulgence culture reflects free gratification of individuals to enjoy life, on the other hand, restraint culture gratification surpasses with social norms (Geert Hofstede, n.d.). Halls Cross-Cultural Theory. Halls Cross-Cultural Theory reflected that Context, Time, Space and Information are the key dimensions in culture, which differentiate it with other cultures. Context of the culture can be either high or low. Culture, in which people value relationship, be in a group, share a common space, and follow centralized approach of communication is affirmed to be High-Context culture. On the other hand, people whose identification is rooted in individualism, decentralized communication flow, develop relationship, and easily can be ended reflect Low-Context culture. Based on time, cultures can be monochronous or polychromous. In monochronous culture, people value time and work in scheduled manner, but peoples interaction are highly valued over time by individuals of polychromous culture. In accordance to space, in culture with high territoriality, people are anxious on ownership, whereas in culture with low territoriality, people tend to work in a state with low r estriction. Based on time, culture of nation can be evaluated as low flow or high flow. In culture wherein information is low flow, people follow through structured and planned pathway. People prefer to work quicker, wherein the information is high flow (Boeing, 2016). Drawbacks in Cross-cultural Communication Theories From the prior discussion of cross-cultural communication theory, it is found that Hofstede stated different dimensions of cross-cultures, its difficulties along with other aspects and Hall highlighted significant communicational scenarios in terms of different cross-cultures. At the time of research on both of these cross-cultural theories, there are some of the limitations that have been observed, which are illustrated below. Drawbacks of Halls Theory: The theory is stereotyped and generalized to its functional approach. It considers people as their representatives of culture. However, people can be different from their cultures, so one person is similar to a significant culture is a typical stereotyped approach. It is unable to provide a clear conceptual framework for quantitative research approaches. In addition, the theory of Hall lacks comparative data and validation, for which it is not applicable for academic researches (Warner-Sderholm, 2013) Drawbacks of Hofstedes Theory: In national genre of cross-cultural dimensions, Hofstede model has some limitations in each of the levels such as: In individual level of Hofstedes theory, it is unable to provide practical tool for individual personality and differences in cultural dimensions In organisational level, this theory is unable to provide clarity between the conflicts of process orientation and result orientation, employee orientation and job orientation, open system and closed system, lose control and tight control, along with pragmatic and normative situation In occupational level, the theory is unable to justify the difference between organisational culture and national culture, as it indicates the culture of management to be the basic components of both national and organisational culture In the Hofstedes theory, gender differences are shaded in respect of cultural considerations. However, gender differentiation in different countries and cultures are highlighted in various ways, which are very significant and prominent. Hence, the Hofstedes theory cannot provide a vast opportunity to discuss this concern comprehensively (Hofstede, 2011) Cross-Cultural Communication and International Business Cross-cultural communication is one of the important parts for international business perspectives and consistency. Through the cross-cultural communication tools, international corporate organisations are able to frame its future prospects in the global market place. Based on the discussion on cross-cultural theories of Hall and Hofstede, it can be inferred that these theories eventually assist different international organizations to ensure its market position in the global place. According to Halls theory, there are two types of cultural context such as high context and low context. Both the contexts are significantly distinct from each other, so it can be stated that people from those cultures are having different aspects and personal traits. From the general marketing perspective, it is observed that the international organizational environment is a complex cultural mixture, wherein different people from different cultural backgrounds are collaboratively working together towards a same goal. Hence, through the Halls theory, it is easy to distinguish and evaluate high context and low context cultural people within international organizational environment and generate an effective operational framework for their workings (Rogers, Hart Miike, 2002). Moreover, through the Hofstedes cross-cultural communicational dimensions, international organizations are able to emphasize the different situations of conflicts and identify the probable mitigation areas as well. The major complex areas of cultural dimensions such as gender differentiation, individualism and collectivism, power distance index, long-term orientation and short-term orientation along with indulgence and restraints are mainly faced within the international organizational environment. Through the Hofstedes theory, international organizations are able to ensure its communication, negotiation, management, and marketing prospects efficiently and effectively (Hofstede, 2011). Conclusion The above discussion on cultural differences in individuals creates immense impact while conducting communication in cross-cultural environment. Misunderstanding, misconception, difference in values, norms and beliefs in cultures and exaggerate problems results obstruct in cross-cultural communication. Such barriers can be mitigated by remaining sensitive over cultural aspects and developing strong understanding. 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